General Assembly resolution: Lifting of sanctions against South Africa.
A/RES/48/1, 8 October 1993
The General Assembly,
Bearing in mind the objectives of the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa, adopted by consensus on 14 December 1989,
Noting that the transition to democracy has now been enshrined in the law of South Africa,
1. Decides that all provisions adopted by the General Assembly relating to prohibitions or restrictions on economic relations with South Africa and its nationals, whether corporate or natural, including the areas of trade, investment, finance, travel and transportation, shall cease to have effect as of the date of the adoption of the present resolution, and requests all States to take appropriate measures within their jurisdiction to lift the restrictions and prohibitions they had imposed to implement the previous resolutions and decisions of the General Assembly;
2. Also decides that all provisions adopted by the General Assembly relating to the imposition of an embargo on the supply of petroleum and petroleum products to South Africa, and on investment in the petroleum industry there, shall cease to have effect as of the date that the Transitional Executive Council becomes operational, and requests all States to take appropriate measures within their jurisdiction to lift any restrictions or prohibitions they had imposed to implement previous resolutions and decisions of the General Assembly in this respect.
Statement by the Spokesman for Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali congratulating President de Klerk of South Africa and ANC President Mandela on their being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
UN Press Release SG/SM/5129, 15 October 1993
The Secretary-General has received with great satisfaction the announcement of the awarding of the Nobel Peace Prize to President Frederik de Klerk of South Africa and Nelson Mandela, President of the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC).
He applauds those two courageous leaders who are working together along with the people of South Africa to eradicate the evil of Apartheid. He extends to them his warm congratulations. He pledges his full support to work with them in the coming months for the establishment of South Africa as a non-racist, democratic society.
Statement by the Spokesman for Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali applauding "historic agreement" on interim constitution for South Africa.
UN Press Release SG/SM/5157 - SAF/163, 18 November 1993
The Secretary-General applauds the historic agreement reached yesterday on an interim constitution for South Africa's transition to democracy by participants at the Multi-party Negotiations in Johannesburg. The agreement crowns three years of very difficult negotiations that would lay the framework for South Africa's transition to a united, democratic and non-racial country.
The Secretary-General congratulates all South Africans who have continued to support and to contribute to the peace process despite the many impediments that faced the process amid mounting violence and intimidation. He reiterates the continued support of the United Nations to the peace process and its readiness to assist the people of South Africa in the formidable challenges that lie ahead, including in efforts to facilitate the country's first multi-party democratic elections scheduled for 27 April 1994.
Statement by the President of the Security Council, on behalf of the Council, welcoming the successful completion of the multiparty negotiating process, looking forward to the elections in South Africa in April 1994 and urging the early establishment of the Transitional Executive Council and Independent Electoral Commission.
S/26785, 23 November 1993
The Security Council welcomes the successful completion of the multi-party negotiating process in South Africa, and the conclusion of agreements reached therein on an interim constitution and electoral bill. These agreements constitute a historic step forward in establishing a democratic, non-racial and united South Africa.
The Security Council looks forward to the elections to be held in South Africa in April 1994. It urges all parties in South Africa, including those which did not participate fully in the multi-party talks, to respect agreements reached during the negotiations, to re-commit themselves to democratic principles, to take part in the elections and to resolve outstanding issues by peaceful means only.
The Security Council reiterates its determination to continue to support the process of peaceful democratic change in South Africa for the benefit of all South Africans. The Security council commends once again the work being done by the Secretary-General and the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa (UNOMSA) in assisting that process. It invites the Secretary-General to accelerate contingency planning for a possible United Nations role in the election process, including coordination with the observer missions of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), European Community (EC) and Commonwealth, to enable expeditious consideration of a request to the United Nations for such assistance. In this connection, the Council urges early establishment of the Transitional Executive Council and the Independent Electoral Commission.
The Security Council considers that South Africa's transition to democracy must be underpinned by economic and social reconstruction and development, and calls on the international community to assist in this regard.
Letter dated 3 December 1993 from the Secretary-General to Mr. Roelof Frederik Botha, Minister for Foreign Affairs of South Africa.
Not issued as a United Nations document.
I wish to acknowledge receipt of your letter of 2 December 1993 concerning the forthcoming elections in South Africa, in which you suggested that immediate consideration be given to advance planning, in order to ensure that the United Nations is in a position to mount an effective operation, when the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) and the Transitional Executive Council (TEC) become operational.
Following consultations, I have undertaken steps to accelerate contingency planning for a possible United Nations role in the election process, including coordination with the observer missions of ;the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the Commonwealth Secretariat.
Taking into account your suggestion, I have decided to send a survey mission to South Africa which will depart from New York on 9 December for a period of ten days for consultations, to facilitate preparatory arrangements in respect of the role envisaged for the United Nations in the electoral process. Particulars of the members of the mission, as well as their itinerary, will be communicated to your Government as soon as they are finalized.
I should be most grateful if your Government would extend all necessary assistance to the mission during the period of its stay in South Africa.
Please accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration.
(Signed) Boutros BOUTROS-GHALI
Fourth progress report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa.
A/48/691, 6 December 1993
II. OBSERVATIONS
4. In my last progress report, I had stated that the role of the international community in the establishment of a democratic, non-racial South Africa could only be complementary to those of the various parties in the country, and that the primary responsibility for achieving a just and long-lasting agreement through negotiations must rest with the people of South Africa as a whole. During the period under review, I designated Ambassador Tom Erik Vraalsen, Assistant Secretary-General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Norway and former Permanent Representative of Norway to the United Nations, as my Special Envoy to South Africa for consultation with the parties concerned on political developments in the country. Mr. Vraalsen visited South Africa from 22 November to 9 December 1992. Subsequently, I submitted a detailed report to the Security Council on his mission and that of his predecessor, former Under-Secretary-General Virendra Dayal (S/25004).
5. The resumption of multi-party negotiations in April 1993 with broader representation than the Conference for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA), after a 10-month suspension, was a most welcome development, which resulted in significant breakthroughs, including agreement on a date for South Africa's first non-racial, democratic elections. This was followed by the enactment into law of most of the principal provisions of the transitional arrangements to the negotiations, including a Transitional Executive Council, an Independent Electoral Commission, an Independent Media Commission and an Independent Broadcasting Authority, and an interim constitution. The broad-based representation of the South African parties in the negotiating process and the determination and commitment of most of them to a peaceful political settlement have been decisive factors leading to these positive developments.
6. The United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa was established in October 1992 to assist the parties in South Africa in their efforts to put an end to the violence. Initially 50 United Nations observers were deployed. Subsequently, the Security Council approved my recommendation to increase the number of observers to 100. The United Nations observers have been deployed, along with those from the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union, in various parts of South Africa, particularly in areas where violence is taking its worst toll. In accordance with the mandate entrusted to the Mission by the Security Council, the observers have been cooperating with the National Peace Secretariat and its local and regional dispute resolution committees and with the Commission of Inquiry regarding the Prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation (Goldstone Commission). It is generally agreed in South Africa that the presence of United Nations observers has had a salutary effect on the peace process.
7. However, violence continues to pose a major threat to the peace process. To break the escalating cycle of violence requires the cooperation of the Government and all parties in South Africa. Such cooperation is also essential to the efforts to resolve any remaining difficulties peacefully and to facilitate the establishment of the arrangements for South Africa's transition to a democratic, non-racial and united country. Since my last report, I have on various occasions expressed my concern at the increasing violence, which has reached new heights, and urged the parties to resolve their differences through the negotiating process.
8. During the period under review, I had occasion to meet with all the major political leaders in the country and to discuss the situation in and relating to South Africa. I met in New York with President de Klerk and Mr. Mandela on 23 and 29 September 1993, respectively. While on a visit to Maputo, I arranged to meet Mr. Clarence Makwetu, Chief Mangosuthu G. Buthelezi and Foreign Minister Roelof Botha.
9. With all my South African interlocutors, I underlined the importance the United Nations attached to the peace process in the country and reiterated the support of the international community to the efforts to establish a democratic, non-racial and united South Africa. I also stressed the imperative need to end the violence in the country in order to facilitate a peaceful transition and the holding of free and fair elections.
10. During my meeting with Chief Buthelezi, I stressed the importance accorded to the multi-party negotiations by the international community and to the formation of the Transitional Executive Council, and that it was only by participating in the negotiations, no matter how difficult, that all parties could ensure that their views were heard, discussed and reflected in the interim constitution. I also urged the Freedom Alliance through Chief Buthelezi to participate in the peace process and underlined that its participation was essential to the establishment of a democratic, non-racial and united South Africa.
11. While in Maputo, I also met with the chairmen of the National Peace Committee and its secretariat, Mr. John Hall and Mr. Antonie Gildenhuys, respectively. My discussions with the chairmen of the National Peace Committee and its secretariat centred on how the peace structures could be strengthened to defuse increasing violence and broadened to be more representative of the population as a whole.
12. Taking into account the progress reached in the peace process, the General Assembly on 29 September 1993 adopted resolution 48/1, by which it decided to lift all provisions relating to prohibitions or restrictions imposed by it on economic relations with South Africa. The United Nations will remain active, through its offices and agencies and relevant Trust Funds as well as in cooperation with intergovernmental organizations, in providing assistance, as appropriate, to disadvantaged South Africans. It will also consider the preparation of a concerted system-wide response to address the economic and social disparities resulting from the long practice of institutionalized racism.
13. Among the initiatives being undertaken is the organization of a donors' conference for human resource development in a post-apartheid South Africa. The United Nations and the Commonwealth Secretariat have been holding consultations with a view to organizing such a conference, which would provide concrete assistance to South Africa in the transition period. Those consultations have involved a group of interested organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth Secretariat, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the Organization of African Unity, the European Union and the Agence de coopération culturelle et technique. Several meetings of these organizations have been held to make preliminary plans for the donors' conference. The main objective of the conference, which is tentatively scheduled to take place in June 1994, will be to mobilize international support for addressing the human resource development needs of a post-apartheid South Africa, particularly those of the disadvantaged sectors of society. It has been agreed that the conference would be convened only after a democratically elected, non-racial Government has been established and be held under its sponsorship. Accordingly, the United Nations and the Commonwealth have made it clear that the conference would be organized in close cooperation with the new Transitional Executive Council.
14. I applauded the historic agreement reached by the participants at the Multi-party Negotiating Process on 17 November 1993 on an interim constitution and noted that the agreement crowned three years of difficult negotiations to lay the framework for South Africa's transition to a democratic, non-racial and united country. I also reiterated the continued support of the United Nations to the peace process and its readiness to assist the people of South Africa in the formidable challenges that lay ahead, including in efforts to facilitate the country's first multi-party democratic elections scheduled for 27 April 1994. With regard to these developments, I am accelerating contingency planning for a possible United Nations role in the election process, including coordination with the observer missions of the Organization of African Unity, the European Union and the Commonwealth, to enable expeditious consideration of the request to the United Nations for such assistance.
15. In concluding, I wish to urge all parties in South Africa to cooperate in the full and timely implementation of the transitional arrangement in order to ensure the early establishment of a non-racial, democratic society in South Africa. For my part, I shall continue to provide all necessary assistance to facilitate the success of the transitional process.
Statement by the President of the General Assembly, Mr. S.R. Insanally (Guyana), on lifting of the Oil Embargo against South Africa.
A/48/PV.72, 9 December 1993
...
I have received letters dated 7 December from the Chairman of the Special Committee and from the Chairman of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa informing me that the Transitional Executive Council (TEC) in South Africa is now operational. I also received a letter from the Permanent Representative of South Africa to the United Nations informing me that TEC met on 7 December.
In view of this information and with respect to operative paragraph 2 of the General Assembly resolution which I have just read, [resolution 48/1 of 8 October 1993], I am pleased to inform the General Assembly that the embargo, related to the supply of petroleum and petroleum products to South Africa and investment in the petroleum industry there, is now lifted.
General Assembly resolution: Elimination of apartheid and establishment of a united, democratic and non-racial South Africa -- International efforts towards the total eradication of apartheid and support for the establishment of a united, non-racial and democratic South Africa.
A/RES/48/159 A, 20 December 1993
The General Assembly,
Recalling the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa, set forth in the annex to its resolution S-16/1, adopted by consensus on 14 December 1989,
Also recalling its resolution 48/1 of 8 October 1993 on the lifting of sanctions against South Africa,
Further recalling the initiative of the Organization of African Unity to place before the Security Council the question of violence in South Africa,
Recalling with satisfaction Security Council resolutions 765 (1992) of 16 July 1992 and 772 (1992) of 17 August 1992, in which the Council authorized the deployment of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa and invited the deployment there of observers from the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Community,
Welcoming the statement of the extraordinary session with Ministers for Foreign Affairs of the Ad Hoc Committee on Southern Africa of the Organization of African Unity, held in New York on 29 September 1993,
Taking note of the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid and of the report of the Chairman of the Special Committee against Apartheid on his mission to South Africa, as well as of the report of the Secretary-General on the coordinated approach by the United Nations system on questions relating to South Africa and the fourth progress report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the Declaration on Apartheid,
Recognizing the responsibility of the United Nations and the international community, as envisaged in the Declaration on Apartheid, to help the South African people in their legitimate struggle for the total elimination of apartheid through peaceful means,
Noting the agreements reached within the framework of the resumed multi-party negotiations on holding elections on
27 April 1994, and on the establishment of the Transitional Executive Council, the Independent Electoral Commission, the Independent Media Commission and the Independent Broadcasting Authority,
Also noting the endorsement by the parties in the multi-party negotiations of the Constitution for the Transitional Period and the Electoral Bill,
Gravely concerned that continued and escalating violence threatens to undermine the process of peaceful change, through negotiated agreements, to a united, non-racial and democratic South Africa,
Bearing in mind the need to strengthen and reinforce all mechanisms set up to prevent violence in South Africa, and emphasizing the need for all parties to cooperate in combating violence and to exercise restraint,
Encouraging the efforts of all parties, including ongoing talks among them, aimed at establishing arrangements for the transition to a democratic order,
Noting with concern the remaining effects of the acts of destabilization that were committed by South Africa against the neighbouring African States,
1. Welcomes the agreements reached within the framework of the multi-party negotiations on holding elections on
27 April 1994, on the establishment of the Transitional Executive Council, the Independent Electoral Commission, the Independent Media Commission and the Independent Broadcasting Authority, and on the Constitution for the Transitional Period, as well as the Electoral Bill;
2. Strongly urges the South African authorities to exercise fully and impartially the primary responsibility of government to bring to an end the ongoing violence, to protect the lives, security and property of all South Africans in all of South Africa and to promote and protect their right to participate in the democratic process, including the right to demonstrate peacefully in public, to organize and participate in political rallies in all parts of South Africa and to run for election and participate in the elections without intimidation;
3. Calls upon the South African authorities in this context to bring to justice those responsible for acts of violence, to take the necessary measures for the peaceful reincorporation of the "homelands" into South Africa and to ensure that the populations in those territories can freely participate in the elections and that all political parties will be able to run election campaigns there free of intimidation;
4. Calls upon all parties to refrain from acts of violence and to do their utmost to combat violence;
5. Urgently calls upon all signatories to the National Peace Accord to recommit themselves to the process of peaceful change by fully and effectively implementing its provisions, and by cooperating with each other to that end;
6. Calls upon all other parties to contribute to the achievement of the aims of the National Peace Accord;
7. Commends the Secretary-General for those measures taken to address areas of concern noted in his reports and particularly to assist in strengthening the structures set up under the National Peace Accord, including the deployment of United Nations observers in South Africa, and expresses its appreciation for the activities carried out by the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa;
8. Supports the recommendation of the Secretary-General for the additional deployment of observers in South Africa to further the purposes of the National Peace Accord, and urges him to continue to address all the areas of concern noted in his report that fall within the purview of the United Nations;
9. Welcomes the continuing role of the observers of the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union deployed in South Africa;
10. Urges all parties in South Africa, including those which did not participate fully in the multi-party talks, to respect agreements reached during the negotiations, to recommit themselves to democratic principles, to take part in the elections and to resolve outstanding issues by peaceful means only;
11. Calls upon all Governments to observe fully the mandatory arms embargo imposed by the Security Council, requests the Council to continue to monitor effectively the strict implementation of that embargo, and urges States to adhere to the provisions of other Council resolutions on the import of arms from South Africa and the export of equipment and technology destined for military purposes in that country;
12. Demands the immediate release of remaining political prisoners;
13. Appeals to the international community to increase humanitarian and legal assistance to the victims of apartheid, to the returning refugees and exiles and to released political prisoners;
14. Calls upon the international community to continue to assist disadvantaged South African democratic anti-apartheid organizations and individuals in the academic, scientific and cultural fields;
15. Also calls upon the international community to assist the non-racial sports bodies in South Africa in redressing the continuing structural inequalities in sports in that country;
16. Strongly urges the international community, following the adoption of resolution 48/1 on 8 October 1993, to respond to the appeal by the people of South Africa for assistance in the economic reconstruction of their country and to ensure that the new South Africa begins its existence on a firm economic base;
17. Appeals to the international community to render all possible assistance to States neighbouring South Africa to enable them to recover from the effects of past acts of destabilization and to contribute to the stability and prosperity of the subregion;
18. Calls upon the Secretary-General to respond promptly and positively to a request for electoral assistance from the transitional authorities in South Africa, bearing in mind that the elections are set for 27 April 1994;
19. Requests the Secretary-General to accelerate planning for a United Nations role in the election process, in consultation with the Security Council and in coordination with the observer missions of the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union;
20. Also requests the Secretary-General to take the necessary measures for the initiation and coordination among the United Nations and its agencies of detailed planning for programmes of socio-economic assistance, particularly in the areas of human resource development, employment, health and housing, and to ensure also that those programmes are coordinated with other international agencies and with legitimate non-racial structures in South Africa;
21. Commends the Secretary-General of the United Nations and the Secretary-General of the Commonwealth for their initiative to start planning for an international donors' conference on human resource development for post-apartheid South Africa, to take place following the election of a non-racial and democratic Government;
22. Calls upon the international community to continue to exercise vigilance with respect to developments in South Africa to ensure that the common objective of the people of South Africa and the international community is achieved, without deviation or obstruction, by the establishment of a united, non-racial and democratic South Africa.
General Assembly resolution: Elimination of apartheid and establishment of a united, democratic and non-racial South Africa -- Programme of work of the Special Committee against Apartheid.
A/RES/48/159 B, 20 December 1993
The General Assembly,
Having considered the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid,
Recognizing the important role that the Special Committee has held in mobilizing international support for the elimination of apartheid and in promoting an international consensus on this critical issue, as reflected in the adoption by consensus on
14 December 1989 of the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa, in General Assembly decision 45/457 B of 13 September 1991 and in Assembly resolutions 45/176 A of 19 December 1990, 46/79 A of 13 December 1991 and 47/116 A and B of 18 December 1992,
1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Special Committee against Apartheid on its work, under its mandate, in support of the peaceful elimination of apartheid through the process of a negotiated transition of South Africa to a democratic, non-racial society;
2. Also takes note with appreciation of the report of the Chairman of the Special Committee on his mission, together with a delegation of the Committee, to South Africa from 1 to 11 March 1993;
3. Commends the Special Committee for organizing, together with the Institute for a Democratic Alternative for South Africa and the Institute for Multi-Party Democracy, the Symposium on Political Tolerance in South Africa: Role of Opinion-Makers and Media, which was held at Cape Town from 30 July to 1 August 1993;
4. Authorizes the Special Committee, until the completion of its mandate following the establishment of a democratically elected non-racial Government in South Africa:
(a) To follow closely developments in South Africa;
(b) To continue to facilitate a peaceful and stable transition in South Africa by promoting international assistance in helping South Africans to overcome the negative social and economic consequences of the policies of apartheid;
(c) To maintain contacts with academic institutions and the labour, business and civic communities, including community-based and other non-governmental organizations in South Africa;
(d) To consult with the parties participating in the political process, with legitimate non-racial structures and with a democratically elected non-racial Government with a view to facilitating the resumption of the participation of South Africa in the work of the General Assembly;
(e) To submit, as soon as possible following the establishment of a democratically elected non-racial Government, a final report to the General Assembly;
(f) To undertake other relevant activities aimed at supporting the political process of peaceful change until a democratically elected non-racial Government has been established in South Africa;
5. Expresses appreciation for the cooperation extended to the Special Committee by Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations and relevant components of the United Nations system, and invites them to continue their cooperation;
6. Decides that the special allocation of 240,000 United States dollars to the Special Committee for 1994 from the regular budget of the United Nations should be used towards the cost of special projects aimed at promoting the process towards the elimination of apartheid through the establishment of a democratically elected and non-racial Government in South Africa;
7. Also decides to continue to authorize adequate financial provision in the regular budget of the United Nations to enable the African National Congress of South Africa and the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania to maintain offices in New York so that they may participate effectively in the deliberations of the Special Committee and in deliberations relating to the situation in South Africa in other relevant United Nations bodies, on the understanding that such grants will continue until the situation of the two organizations as political parties has been regularized.
General Assembly resolution: Elimination of apartheid and establishment of a united, democratic and non-racial South Africa -- Work of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa.
A/RES/48/159 C, 20 December 1993
The General Assembly,
Having considered the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products to South Africa,
Recalling its resolutions 47/116 D of 18 December 1992 and 48/1 of 8 October 1993,
Welcoming the establishment of the Transitional Executive Council in South Africa,
1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Intergovernmental Group to Monitor the Supply and Shipping of Oil and Petroleum Products and endorses its recommendations;
2. Decides to terminate the mandate of the Intergovernmental Group as of the date of the adoption of the present resolution;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to issue by 30 January 1994, as addenda to the report of the Intergovernmental Group, the responses of States to requests addressed to them regarding the cases contained in the annexes to that report.
General Assembly resolution: Elimination of apartheid and establishment of a united, democratic and non-racial South Africa -- United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa.
A/RES/48/159 D, 20 December 1993
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolutions on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, in particular resolution 47/116 C of
18 December 1992,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa, to which is annexed the report of the Committee of Trustees of the Trust Fund,
Taking note of its resolution 46/79 F, adopted without a vote on 13 December 1991, in particular paragraph 3, relating to assistance by the Trust Fund for work in the legal field,
Welcoming the agreements reached within the framework of the resumed multi-party negotiations and approved by Parliament to hold elections in 1994 on the basis of universal suffrage and to establish a Transitional Executive Council, as well as legislative and other measures adopted to promote free political activity in the run-up to free and fair elections,
Recognizing the work being carried out by broad-based, impartial voluntary organizations inside South Africa in providing legal and humanitarian assistance to victims of apartheid and racial discrimination, and noting with satisfaction the working relationship that the Trust Fund has established with those South African organizations,
Concerned about continued political violence and the dangers it represents for the democratic process and for the country at large,
Convinced that the time is nearing when South African authorities, within new, non-racial and democratic structures, will take responsibility for matters which have been within the mandate of the Trust Fund,
1. Endorses the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa;
2. Supports continued humanitarian, legal and educational assistance by the international community towards alleviating the plight of victims of apartheid in South Africa and towards facilitating the reintegration of released political prisoners and returning exiles into South African society;
3. Endorses the decision of the Trust Fund to channel its assistance through appropriate non-governmental organizations inside South Africa;
4. Expresses its appreciation to the Governments, organizations and individuals that have contributed to the Trust Fund and to the voluntary agencies engaged in rendering humanitarian and legal assistance to the victims of apartheid in South Africa;
5. Expresses its conviction that the Trust Fund has an important role to play during the final stage of the elimination of apartheid by assisting efforts in the legal field aimed at ensuring effective implementation of legislation repealing major apartheid laws, redressing the continuing adverse effects of those laws and encouraging increased public confidence in the role of law, and, therefore, appeals for generous contributions to the Fund;
6. Commends the Secretary-General and the Committee of Trustees of the Trust Fund for their persistent and worthy efforts throughout the years to promote humanitarian and legal assistance to the victims of apartheid and racial discrimination.
General Assembly resolution: United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa.
A/RES/48/160, 20 December 1993
Recalling its resolutions on the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa, in particular resolution 47/117 of 18 December 1992,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General containing an account of the work of the Advisory Committee on the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa and the administration of the Programme for the period from 1 September 1992 to 31 August 1993,
Noting with satisfaction that the recommendations of the evaluation of the Programme undertaken in 1989 as endorsed by the Advisory Committee continued to be implemented,
Recognizing the valuable assistance rendered by the Programme to the peoples of South Africa and Namibia,
Emphasizing the need for assistance to the people of South Africa particularly in the field of education during the transition period,
Fully recognizing the need to provide continuing educational opportunities and counselling to students from South Africa in a wide variety of professional, cultural and linguistic disciplines, as well as opportunities for vocational and technical training and for advanced studies at graduate and postgraduate levels in priority fields of study, as often as possible at educational and training institutions within South Africa,
Noting that, in order to address the priority needs of disadvantaged South Africans, the programme is continuing to allocate a higher proportion resources for the purpose of institution-building in South Africa, in particular by strengthening the historically Black and other institutions of higher learning, especially the technikons, through specialized training courses with built-in employability of graduates,
1. Endorses the report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa;
2. Commends the Secretary-General and the Advisory Committee on the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa for their efforts to adjust the Programme so that it can best help meet the needs evolving from changing circumstances in South Africa, to promote generous contributions to the Programme and to enhance cooperation with governmental, intergovernmental and non-governmental agencies involved in educational and technical assistance to South Africa;
3. Also endorses the Programme activities aimed at contributing to South Africa's human resources needs, especially during the transition period, by:
(a) Supporting co-sponsored projects with technikons and the historically Black and other universities;
(b) Strengthening the institutional, technical and financial capacity as well a the decision-making of non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations and educational institutions that serve the needs and interests of disadvantaged South Africans;
(c) Engaging educational institutions, non-governmental organizations and the private sector in South Africa in co-sponsorship arrangements and job placement of graduates;
4. Welcomes the fact that educational and training activities of the Programme inside South Africa have expanded, and the Programme's close cooperation with South African non-governmental organizations, universities and technikons;
5. Calls upon non-governmental educational institutions, private organizations and individuals concerned to assist the Programme by entering into cost-sharing and other arrangements with it and by facilitating the returnability and job placement of its graduates;
6. Appeals to Governments, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, international professional associations and individual to assist, within their areas of activity and influence inside South Africa, graduates of the Programme in obtaining access to job opportunities so that they can effectively contribute their professional competence and expertise towards the political, economic and social development of South Africa during the period of transition and beyond;
7. Considers that the activities of the Programme, under changing circumstances, should be planned in such a manner as to ensure that commitments made with regard to educational and training assistance to disadvantaged South Africans can be fully met;
8. Requests the Secretary-General to include the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa in the annual United Nations Pledging Conference for Development Activities;
9. Expresses its appreciation to all those who have supported the Programme by providing contributions, scholarships or places in their educational institutions;
10. Appeals to all States, institutions, organizations and individuals to offer such financial and other assistance to the Programme so as to enable it to carry out its programmed activities.
Report of the Secretary-General concerning arrangements for United Nations monitoring of the electoral process in South Africa and coordination of activities of international observers.
A/48/845 - S/1994/16, 10 January 1994
IV. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS
A. The legal framework of the electoral process
The legal framework of the electoral process is defined by the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) and the Electoral Acts, the Independent Media Commission Act and the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act. These four Acts are the product of lengthy discussions and were approved by consensus. They provide a legitimate framework for the conduct of free and fair elections, and many of their provisions are quite innovative. The recent appointments to the Independent Electoral Commission are a further reassurance of good faith and cooperation on all sides.
As formal preparations for the elections now get under way, several concerns should be noted. Owing to the delay in the establishment of the electoral structures, the elections will be organized under significant time pressures. The limited lead time is particularly critical with regard to the issuance of voter documentation (whether identity cards or the voter identification cards envisioned in the Electoral Act). Approximately 4 million eligible voters are currently without enabling documentation, 2 million of them residents of the TBVC states. There is no doubt that IEC will do all it can to ensure that all eligible voters willing to obtain the necessary documentation will be able to do so in time and without unnecessarily cumbersome procedures.
A second concern is voter education. At present, only a few non-governmental organizations are providing quality non-partisan voter education. Experience has shown that the most important element in a free and fair election is an informed voting public. The Independent Electoral Commission should reinforce the voter education campaign and emphasize three crucial components: the secrecy of the vote, the need for political tolerance and the mechanics of voting, including the procedure for obtaining enabling documentation.
The third main concern is the spread of violence and the need for impartiality in election-related police actions. There is a great need for measures that will increase the public accountability of the police and promote meaningful community involvement - factors essential to the effectiveness of the police in serving the public. This is all the more important as it is unlikely that the National Peace-keeping Force will come into being before the elections.
Finally, the transparency and fairness of the appointment procedures for electoral officials at all levels will have a clear impact on the perceived legitimacy of the elections. Adequate appointment procedures will supplement the detailed provisions of the Electoral Law in ensuring the full confidence of the public in their electoral institutions.
B. The framework for observation of the elections
The Independent Electoral Commission Act defines two categories of observers: international observers and domestic monitors. International observers are defined as the accredited representatives of intergovernmental organizations or foreign Governments. Monitors are appointed electoral officers who will observe different aspects of the electoral process and report to the Chief Director of the IEC Monitoring Directorate on any irregularities. The Monitoring Directorate will operate under the direct supervision of IEC. Additional definitions are provided by the Electoral Act, which specifies the powers, duties and functions of party election and voting agents.
At present, there are no detailed regulations or guidelines for international observers. As soon as the Monitoring Directorate is established, it will be expected to register observers and regulate their activities, publish guidelines and, eventually, prepare a Code of Conduct for international observers which will be binding. Once the guidelines have been prepared, the Directorate will probably consider similar arrangements with regard to observers from national and international non-governmental organizations.
One of the closing acts of the Multi-Party Negotiating Council, ratified by the Management Committee of the Transitional Executive Council (TEC) at its first session, was to request the United Nations, the Commonwealth, the European Community and the Organization of African Unity as well as individual foreign Governments to provide a sufficient number of international observers to oversee the electoral process. On 1 December 1993, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of South Africa wrote me a letter suggesting that immediate consideration be given to advance planning in order to ensure that the United Nations would be in a position to mount an effective operation when IEC or TEC became operational.
C. An expanded mandate for the United Nations
Observer Mission in South Africa
In response to the above request, I would propose that the mandate of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa (UNOMSA) be expanded to include the observation of the elections scheduled for 27 April 1994. In this new context, UNOMSA would have a significant role not only in assessing the ultimate freedom and fairness of the elections, but in monitoring the electoral process at each stage. Based on its long-term activities, UNOMSA would be uniquely capable of evaluating the extent to which the April elections truly reflect the will of the South African people.
Under the proposed expanded mandate, UNOMSA would be required to:
(a) Observe the actions of the Independent Electoral Commission and its organs in all aspects and stages of the electoral process, verifying their compatibility with the conduct of a free and fair election under the Independent Electoral Commission and Electoral Acts;
(b) Observe the extent of freedom of organization, movement, assembly and expression during the electoral campaign and ascertain the adequacy of the measures taken to ensure that political parties and alliances enjoy those freedoms without hindrance or intimidation;
(c) Monitor the compliance of the security forces with the requirements of the relevant laws and the decisions of the Transitional Executive Council (TEC);
(d) Verify the satisfactory implementation of the dispositions of the Independent Media Commission and the Independent Broadcasting Authority Acts;
(e) Verify that the voter education efforts of the electoral authorities and other interested parties are sufficient and will result in voters being adequately informed on both the meaning of the vote and its procedural aspects;
(f) Verify that qualified voters are not denied the identification documents or temporary voter's cards that will enable them to exercise their right to vote;
(g) Verify that voting occurs on election days in an environment free of intimidation and in conditions which ensure free access to voting stations and the secrecy of the vote; and verify that adequate measures have been taken to ensure proper transport and custody of ballots, security of the vote count and timely announcement of results;
(h) Coordinate the activities of observers from international governmental organizations and foreign Governments so as to ensure that they are deployed in an effective and coordinated manner; establish effective cooperation with South African and foreign non-governmental organizations, which will also monitor the electoral process.
Based on the above activities, UNOMSA will report to the electoral authorities on complaints, irregularities and interferences reported or observed, and, as appropriate, will request the electoral authorities to take remedial action. UNOMSA will be expected to prepare all of its reports on the basis of factual information about the conduct of the elections. UNOMSA will establish a direct relationship with the Independent Electoral Commission and make constructive suggestions and comments as appropriate in order to contribute to the success of each stage of the electoral process.
UNOMSA will also prepare periodic reports on the evolution of the electoral process which will be submitted to the Secretary-General through his Special Representative.
D. The operational approach
In order to define the operational approach for the observation, it is important to note the difference between the observation of the electoral campaign and the observation of a specific polling day. The difference is particularly important in the case of UNOMSA, since many of the electoral campaign observation activities will be similar to those already undertaken within the current mandate. UNOMSA has been observing "demonstrations, marches and other forms of mass action, noting the conduct of all parties, and endeavouring to obtain information indicating the degree to which the parties' actions are consistent with the principles of the National Peace Accord and the Goldstone Commission guidelines for marches and political gatherings". 8/
During the two/three months preceding the elections, the focus of this original UNOMSA activity will change and become more closely related to the electoral process. The network of contacts established by UNOMSA will expand to include new electoral actors. The framework for evaluating the incidents observed will be the guidelines and regulations issued by the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC) rather than the National Peace Accord and Goldstone Commission guidelines. UNOMSA will continue to cooperate with the structures established under the National Peace Accord, whose activities will also increasingly concentrate on the electoral process. In this context, the violence-monitoring activities of UNOMSA are almost indistinguishable from the campaign observation activities contained in the electoral mandate suggested above.
The current UNOMSA mandate does not, however, cover a variety of activities that are essential for adequate electoral campaign coverage. These must therefore be added. These activities include: observation of IEC activities and of dispositions relating to the media; verification of the adequacy of voter education efforts; verification that qualified voters are not denied the identification documents or temporary voter's cards that will enable them to vote; and new responsibilities related to coordination. Furthermore, since a very large increase in the volume and intensity of events can be anticipated, arrangements must be made now to ensure sufficient resources for the mission.
In contrast to campaign observation, polling day observation is qualitatively and quantitatively different. While the electoral campaign as a whole may include thousands of demonstrations and marches, it is unlikely that more than a few hundred will take place on any given day. This will be the general pattern for most of the electoral events observed during the campaign period. In contrast, events to be observed on polling day will take place simultaneously at 10,000 different polling stations. While the events of an electoral campaign are usually heterogeneous and have a high emotional content, polling day events tend to be the opposite. They are highly mechanical, repetitive and predictable, since the electoral authorities will clearly establish each step in the voting procedure. Furthermore, the incidence of violence and intimidation is unlikely to decrease.
As a result, polling day observation requires a much larger number of observers, who will perform a simpler task. Previous United Nations electoral missions have followed two different approaches regarding voting day observers. In cases where the number of polling stations was small (as in Namibia) or where a large number of polling stations is concentrated in a few polling centres (as in El Salvador), it has been possible to deploy at least one observer to each polling centre, thus maintaining a continuous presence at all times. However, this approach has not been feasible in cases where there has been a large number of dispersed polling stations (as in Nicaragua, Haiti, Angola or Eritrea). In those cases, mobile teams were used to visit several polling stations each. The homogenous character of the activities to be observed allows the systematic use of statistical samples and random visits with very effective results.
The presence of national monitors is not essential to the first approach, since international observers are present everywhere. With the second approach, however, the presence of national monitors at every polling station is a necessary precondition for an effective operation. In such cases, national monitors constitute a first line of observation, providing information on irregularities to the international observers when they visit the polling stations. The mutual controls implicit in the presence of monitors representing competing parties and/or independent non-governmental organizations will facilitate cross-verification of the information received. As the international observers will be expected to visit each polling station more than once, the direct and indirect information thus collected will be sufficient for a very detailed evaluation of the events on polling days.
The case of South Africa presents special considerations. There will be a very large number of polling stations (about 10,000), and distances to be travelled in the rural areas are considerable. Violence is concentrated in a few limited areas, with the Natal/KwaZulu and Wits/Vaal regions accounting for a very large percentage. The participation of national monitors is expected to be significant. Several parties will be able to place one monitor in each of the polling stations, and non-governmental organizations interested in the electoral process are forming their own observer network.
Therefore, the operational approach for election day observation suggested for South Africa is a combination of the two approaches used in previous missions. Observation will be conducted by mobile teams in those areas of the country where expectations of violence are low. The number of polling stations monitored by an observer team will vary. In rural districts, an observation team will be able to visit 4 to 10 polling stations per polling day depending on local conditions. In urban areas, each observation team will observe 14 to 20 polling stations per polling day. However, in districts with a history of violence, one observer will be assigned to each polling station.
E. Coordination with other intergovernmental organizations
The resolution adopted by the Negotiating Council on
6 December 1993 and ratified by the Transitional Executive Council calls upon the United Nations to coordinate all international observers as defined in the Independent Electoral Commission Act and, as a matter of urgency, to put in place the necessary arrangements to that effect, in particular ensuring that the international observers are deployed in an effective and coordinated manner in close cooperation with IEC. The Independent Electoral Commission Act defines an international observer as "any person appointed as a representative of the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity, the European Community, the Commonwealth or any other intergovernmental organization or foreign Government accredited for that purpose by the Subcouncil on Foreign Affairs of the Transitional Council in consultation with the Department of Foreign Affairs, in order to observe and to report on the electoral process".
All of the intergovernmental organizations specifically mentioned in the Independent Electoral Commission Act have already deployed observers in South Africa and plan to expand their number in the near future. The Organization of African Unity currently has 13 observers working with the National Peace Accord structures and plans a gradual increase to 50 observers in early April. The European Union now has 17 observers monitoring public violence. It plans a separate group of up to 322 observers by the election date. The Commonwealth Observer Mission to South Africa (COMSA) presently comprises 20 observers. For the elections the Commonwealth will organize a Commonwealth Observer Group (COGSA) comprising a total of 70 senior observers beginning in early April. All three organizations have expressed their support for a United Nations role as the coordinator of international electoral observation efforts.
Several Governments have expressed interest in sending observers in addition to those to be provided by the missions organized by the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity, the European Union or the Commonwealth and in having them included under the United Nations coordination umbrella. Although a sizeable number of such observers is expected to join the international effort, precise numbers are not yet available.
Effective coordination must go beyond the simple exchange of information. I would suggest the creation of a Coordinating Committee, comprising the chiefs of the four major missions present for the observation. Given the special responsibility assigned to the United Nations, my Special Representative or the Chief of Mission will act as its Chairperson. The Committee should provide overall political leadership for the common efforts and assume responsibility for the joint statement after the elections. Under the Committee there should be a Technical Task Force comprising the four Chief Electoral Officers of the four missions, chaired by the Head of the Electoral Division of UNOMSA, with the function of overseeing the activities of a Joint Operations Unit that will also be responsible for establishing cooperation links with the non-governmental organizations that send observer delegations. The Secretary of the Technical Task Force, an officer appointed by the United Nations, will head the Joint Operations Unit.
The Joint Operations Unit will concentrate on preparing the deployment of the large number of additional observers who will arrive for election day. This will require a substantial amount of preparatory work, including problem-solving related to transportation, communications and accommodation of the additional observers; the compilation of information for each of the small areas in which each of the observer teams will be working; organization of their deployment, which will include a sojourn of two to three days in their respective areas so that they can get acquainted with local conditions as well as with the electoral authorities and political representatives; the preparation of a manual, guidelines and training programmes; and the organization of observer arrival and departure. However, the initial attention of the Joint Operations Unit will be devoted to building on the informal coordination arrangements already established by UNOMSA in collaboration with the other three missions, developing common forms for the observation of events such as mass demonstrations, and organizing the databanks where information collected by the observers will be systematically recorded and maintained for the use of all four missions.
The proposed coordination will include the preparation of a joint statement after the election which will reflect the consensual opinion of the four missions in relation to the electoral process. Following standard practice, it is expected that each mission will prepare an independent, detailed report to its respective mandating organ. However, it must be noted that the primary responsibility for the verification of the elections as free and fair rests with the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC).
F. Cooperation with national and foreign
non-governmental organizations
The resolution of the Transitional Executive Council regarding the participation of international observers also expressed "the hope that all international observers and other observers from South African and foreign non-governmental organizations would cooperate closely in the performance of their task to oversee the electoral process at all stages". Given the interest shown to date in the situation in South Africa, one can anticipate a very large involvement of foreign non-governmental organizations in the forthcoming elections. In many cases, such involvement will consist of support to South African organizations for voter education and training and organization of monitor networks and other election-related activities.
Although foreign non-governmental organization observers will be presen! during the campaign period, their presence will increase significantly in the two weeks prior to the elections. However, their numbers, together with the variety of their sponsoring organizations, will prevent them from coordinating their observation in the systematic manner being planned for international governmental organizations and foreign government delegations. Nevertheless, efforts will be made to establish a cooperative relationship with the foreign non-governmental organizations, as they will contribute to the overall impact of the international observer presence. Cooperation might include the sharing of background materials, briefings and coordinated deployments.
Efforts will also be made to establish working relationships with national non-governmental entities involved in various aspects of the elections such as civic education and the organization of domestic monitoring networks. Several national non-governmental organizations are currently organizing a network of independent monitors in order to integrate their efforts. Since the presence of domestic monitors at every polling station is critical to the overall success of the observation, the international observer teams will seek to establish direct contact with the national monitors in polling stations throughout their assigned areas.
G. Trust Fund for Observers from Developing Countries
Most of the Member States that are sending observers are industrialized societies. Similarly, an overwhelming majority of the foreign non-governmental organizations that will participate in the process are headquartered in those countries. On the other hand, many developing countries, although deeply interested in the situation in South Africa, do not have the resources to send their own observers. Even if the geographical distribution of the observers funded from the United Nations budget is more balanced, an overrepresentation of observers from Western, industrialized societies can be expected. I will set up a special Trust Fund to finance the participation of additional observers from African and developing countries, and I hope that some Member States will be willing to make voluntary contributions to this Fund.
Security Council resolution: The question of South Africa.
S/RES/894 (1994), 14 January 1994
The Security Council,
...
Welcoming the further progress made in establishing a democratic, non-racial and united South Africa, and in particular the establishment of the Transitional Executive Council and the Independent Electoral Commission, and the agreement on the interim constitution,
Noting that the legal framework of the electoral process in South Africa leading to the elections to be held on 27 April 1994 is defined by the Independent Electoral Commission and the Electoral Acts, the Independent Media Commission Act and the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act,
Commending the positive contribution already made by the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa to the transitional process in South Africa and to efforts to curb violence,
Commending also the positive contribution of the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union in this regard,
Reiterating its determination to continue to support the process of peaceful democratic change in South Africa for the benefit of all South Africans,
...
Having considered the request of the Transitional Executive Council that the United Nations provide a sufficient number of international observers to monitor the electoral process and to coordinate the activities of the international observers provided by the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union, as well as those provided by Governments, and accepting the need to respond urgently to this request,
1. Welcomes with appreciation the report of the Secretary-General of 10 January 1994 and agrees with the proposals contained therein concerning the mandate and size of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa, including the proposals for the coordination of the activities of the international observers provided by the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union, as well as those provided by any other intergovernmental organizations or Governments;
2. Urges all parties in South Africa, including those which did not participate fully in the multi-party talks, to respect agreements reached during the negotiations, to adhere to democratic principles and to take part in the elections;
3. Calls upon all parties in South Africa to take measures to end the violence and intimidation and thus contribute to the conduct of free and fair elections, and expects that anyone who seeks to disrupt the elections will be held accountable for such actions;
4. Calls also upon all parties in South Africa to respect the safety and security of the international observers and to facilitate the carrying out of their mandate;
5. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to set up a special Trust Fund to finance the participation of additional observers from Africa and other developing countries and urges States to contribute generously to this Fund;
6. Decides to remain seized of the matter until a democratic, non-racial and united South Africa is established.
General Assembly resolution: Elimination of apartheid and establishment of a united, democratic and non-racial South Africa -- Democratic and non-racial elections in South Africa.
A/RES/48/233, 8 February 1994
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolution 48/159 A, adopted by consensus on 20 December 1993, as well as its resolution 48/230 of 23 December 1993,
Recalling also Security Council resolutions 765 (1992) of 16 July 1992 and 772 (1992) of 17 August 1992,
Welcoming the agreement reached within the framework of multi-party negotiations to hold the first democratic elections in South Africa on 27 April 1994,
Welcoming also the adoption by Parliament, of 22 December 1993, of the Constitution for the Transitional Period as well as the Electoral Bill, and encouraging the efforts of all parties, including ongoing talks among them, aimed at the widest possible agreement on the arrangements for the transition to a democratic order,
Noting the request by the Transitional Executive Council to the United Nations for the provision of a sufficient number of international observers to monitor the electoral process, which also called upon the United Nations to coordinate, in close cooperation with the Independent Electoral Commission, the activities of the international observers provided by the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union, as well as those provided by Governments,
Noting with appreciation the report of the Secretary-General on the question of South Africa,
1. Commends the Secretary-General for his prompt response to the request contained in paragraphs 18 and 19 of its resolution 48/159 A, and welcomes the proposals contained in the report of the Secretary-General;
2. Takes note with satisfaction of Security Council resolution 894 (1994), adopted on 14 January 1994, by which the Council accepted the need to respond urgently to the request by the Transitional Executive Council and agreed with the proposal contained the report of the Secretary-General concerning the mandate and size of the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa, including the proposals for the coordination of the activities of the international observers provided by the Organization of African Unity, the Commonwealth and the European Union, as well as those provided by other intergovernmental organization or Governments;
3. Encourages Member States to respond positively to the request of the Secretary-General for election observers;
4. Urges all parties in South Africa, including those which did not participate fully in the multi-party talks, to respect agreements reached during the negotiations, to adhere to democratic principles and to take part in the elections;
5. Expresses its grave concern at the threat of the ongoing violence to the process of peaceful change, and calls upon all parties to promote the full participation of all South Africans in the democratic process in all parts of South Africa by exercising restraint and by refraining from acts of violence and intimidation;
6. Calls upon the South African authorities, including the Independent Electoral Commission, under the supervision and guidance of the Transitional Executive Council, to take the necessary measures to protect the rights of all South Africans to organize and participate in peaceful public manifestations and political rallies, to run for election and to participate in the polls in all parts of South Africa, including the "homelands", free of intimidation;
7. Calls upon all parties in South Africa to respect the safety and security of the international observers and to facilitate the carrying out of their mandate;
8. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General to set up a special trust fund to finance the participation of additional observers from African and other developing countries, and urges States to contribute generously to this fund.
Statement by the Spokesman for Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali concerning declaration by Mr. Nelson Mandela offering new concessions to Freedom Alliance in order to secure participation by all parties in forthcoming elections.
UN Press Release SG/SM/5228 - SAF/170, 17 February 1994
"The Secretary-General did receive from his Special Representative in South Africa the full text of the declaration made by Nelson Mandela on Wednesday, 16 February, and offering new concessions to the Freedom Alliance in an effort to secure participation by all parties in the forthcoming elections in South Africa.
We understand from the first press reports that this initiative was rather well received in South Africa, and it is certain that everyone hopes that all political parties will take part in the elections. It is difficult not to share Mr. Mandela's view that history and future generations would judge the current South African leadership harshly if [they] failed to take all the necessary measures to resolve South Africa's problems peacefully and through dialogue.
As you all know, there is great interest and support for South Africa the world over. You also know that through the Special Representative of the Secretary-General and the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa (UNOMSA), the United Nations has a presence in South Africa and is strongly supportive of the peaceful process towards the new, non-racial and democratic South Africa.
For all these reasons, the Secretary-General is following very closely indeed all the news that comes out of South Africa.
Joint statement dated 1 March 1994 by Mr. Nelson Mandela, President of the African National Congress, and Mr. Mangosuthu Buthelezi, President of the Inkatha Freedom Party.
Not issued as a United Nations document.
Both parties approached this meeting with a determination to promote conditions in which the people of South Africa as a whole can exercise their democratic right to make political choices in accordance with their beliefs and conscience.
Notwithstanding differences on constitutional matters, the parties recognised the right of people to participate or not to participate in the forthcoming general elections.
After a constructive exchange of views, the parties agreed to work together to ensure that canvassing for respective views should be able to take place without let or hindrance.
In an effort to resolve outstanding constitutional deadlocks, the parties agreed to explore with their principals the possibility of international mediation and in this regard the IFP would consider provisional registration in terms of the Electoral Act.
Both parties agreed that the present levels of violence in our society were totally unacceptable and were jeopardising conditions for socio-economic reconstruction and development.
They therefore resolved to redouble their efforts to encourage their respective constituencies to participate in and support National Peace Accord structures and all peace initiatives.
While recognising the fact that members of the ANC and IFP are involved in political violence, the parties are of the view that the primary responsibility for the maintenance of law and order remains with the Government of the day.
The parties also explored the possibility of making greater use of international expertise in areas such as conflict resolution and the investigation of political violence.
It was agreed that a Task Group would be established in order to facilitate the strengthening of peace committees and to attend to communication between the parties.
Letter dated 2 March 1994 from the Secretary-General to
Mr. Nelson Mandela, President of the African National Congress.
Not issued as a United Nations document.
Dear Mr. Mandela,
I was delighted to learn yesterday of the outcome of your meeting with Chief Buthelezi. This positive development should provide a framework for all political parties to participate in the transitional arrangements, including the electoral process.
I congratulate you and Chief Buthelezi on the bold initiatives you have taken to promote national reconciliation and peace in South Africa. Mr. Brahimi is keeping me informed of developments. Please be sure that the United Nations will continue to support your efforts to resolve all outstanding issues which are impeding the peace process and to put an end to the violence.
Yours sincerely,
(signed)
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Letter dated 11 March 1994 from the Secretary-General to Mr. André Quellet, Minister for Foreign Affairs and International Trade of Canada.
Not issued as a United Nations document.
Translated from French
Thank you for your letter of 24 February and for the good news it contains. Since my talk with you and Mr. Chrétien on 9 January, when I asked for your help in the elections to take place on 26 April in South Africa, I knew that I could count on the usual generosity of Canada, which always responds positively to the appeals of the United Nations.
By sending, at no cost to the Organization, a group of experts on control of violence and specialists on elections, Canada is remaining true to its commendable tradition in the area of humanitarian assistance, cooperation for development, support for democratization and peace-keeping.
I note with gratitude, in particular, that since the creation of our Electoral Assistance Unit in April 1992, Canada has provided us with specialists and observers for electoral assistance projects in Burundi, the Congo, Kenya, Lesotho, Uganda and the Central African Republic.
Through its latest contribution, Canada will be helping to bring about a free, democratic and non-racial South Africa, finally delivered from the terrible scourge of apartheid. For this it deserves our thanks.
Accept, Sir, the assurances of my highest consideration.
(Signed) Boutros BOUTROS-GHALI
Letter dated 19 April 1994 from the Secretary-General to
Mr. Nelson Mandela, President of the African National Congress.
Not issued as a United Nations document.
Dear Mr. Mandela,
I am pleased to learn of the positive outcome of the meeting between yourself, President F. W. de Klerk and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi which will facilitate the participation of the Inkatha Freedom Party in the elections to be held from 26 to 28 April 1994. I congratulate you warmly on this important achievement.
The agreement constitutes a decisive step towards an overall settlement which will make it possible, even at this late hour, for all parties who wish to do so to participate in the historic elections. It is my fervent hope that all groups, whatever their political orientation, who remain outside the electoral process will respect the right of those who wish to vote. I call upon all parties to give the Independent Electoral Commission their fullest cooperation and to contribute to the success of the elections.
I take this opportunity to assure you once again that the United Nations will continue to support your efforts for South Africa's peaceful transition to a non-racial, democratic and united country.
Yours sincerely,
(signed)
Boutros Boutros-Ghali
Statement by the Spokesman for Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali welcoming breakthrough agreement in South Africa.
UN Press Release SG/SM/5268 - SAF/172, 19 April 1994
The Secretary-General welcomes the breakthrough agreement reached today be State President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, President of the African National Congress of South Africa, and Chief Mangosuthu Buthelezi, Chief Minister of KwaZulu and President of the Inkatha Freedom Party.
The Secretary-General congratulates the parties and hopes that this historic decision will ensure that the elections, in which all South Africans will be able to participate, will take place later this month under calm and peaceful conditions.
Statement by the President of the Security Council on behalf of the Council welcoming the agreement reached on 19 April between the Inkatha Freedom Party, the ANC and the Government of South Africa, following which the Inkatha Freedom Party decided to participate in the forthcoming elections.
S/PRST/1994/20, 19 April 1994
The Security Council has noted with appreciation the Secretary-General's report of 14 April 1994 (S/1994/435) on the question of South Africa, as well as the oral information received from the Secretariat on the latest developments in the electoral process.
The Council welcomes the agreement reached on 19 April 1994 between the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), the African National Congress (ANC) and the Government of South Africa following which the IFP has decided to participate in the forthcoming elections in South Africa. It commends all the parties involved for the statesmanship and goodwill which they have displayed in reaching this result.
The Council expresses the hope that this agreement will bring an end to the violence which has scarred South Africa and that it will promote lasting reconciliation among the people of South Africa. It calls upon all parties to contribute to the conduct of free and fair elections in which all South Africans will be able to participate peacefully.
The Council commends the positive contribution by the United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa (UNOMSA) and the international community to the transitional process in South Africa and reiterates its determination to support the process of peaceful democratic change for the benefit of all South Africans. It calls upon all parties to respect the safety and security of the international election observers and to assist them to carry out their mandate.
The Council looks forward to the successful completion of the electoral process in South Africa and to the establishment of a democratic, non-racial and united South Africa that will take its place in the international community.
Statement by the Spokesman for Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali applauding election process in South Africa.
UN Press Release SG/SM/5282 - SAF/176, 6 May 1994
Judge Johann Kriegler, Chairman of the Independent Electoral Commission in South Africa, has proclaimed the results of the elections and has declared them to have been "sufficiently free and fair". The Secretary-General welcomes this declaration and once again expresses his warm congratulations to the people of South Africa and all their leaders.
The Secretary-General also congratulates very warmly the Chairman and members of the Electoral Commission for the remarkable work they have done. Thanks to their dedication and courage, they have made it possible for the South African people to express peacefully and freely their collective aspiration for a better future and their determination to ensure a life of dignity, equality and freedom for every man and woman in their country.
The United Nations has been involved with the situation in South Africa for more than four decades. It has spearheaded the international campaign against apartheid and initiated and supported programmes aimed at alleviating the suffering of its victims. It has also provided a forum for the representatives of South African organizations such as the African National Congress of South Africa (ANC) to advance the anti-apartheid campaign.
Since September 1992, in particular, the United Nations has been represented in South Africa by an Observer Mission with the express mandate of contributing to a peaceful transition from apartheid to a new, democratic, non-racial and united South Africa.
This was the largest electoral observer mission mounted by the United Nations. No fewer than 2,120 men and women took part, including staff members of the United Nations and specialized agencies and recruits from some 120 Member States.
To all of them, the Secretary-General wishes to express his appreciation for the work they have accomplished. They served the United Nations well. They also served the people of South Africa at a critical moment of their history; and they served the cause of democracy.
The United Nations will remain committed to South Africa. The Secretary-General looks forward to the contribution the Government and people of South Africa will make to the activities of the United Nations.
Statement by Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali in Pretoria at the luncheon following the inauguration of Nelson Mandela as President of South Africa.
UN Press Release SG/SM/5286, 10 May 1994
On behalf of the United Nations, I congratulate you, Mr. President, on your inauguration today as State President of the Republic of South Africa. I congratulate Deputy President Mbeki and Deputy President de Klerk. Today, we have been privileged to witness a turning-point in the history of a nation. Today, South Africa regains its rightful place in Africa, in the United Nations and in the family of nations.
The United Nations raised its flag against the evil of apartheid. The world joined against it. Repeatedly, the nations and the peoples of the international community expressed their solidarity and support for the people of South Africa. We demonstrate that solidarity again, by our presence, by your presence today. Today's celebrations truly belong to all South Africans, whatever their party or affiliation. I pay tribute to all who had the vision to lead. I pay tribute to all who had the courage to join in this undertaking. I pay tribute to the international organizations and the Member States who contributed and who stood together with you.
Guided by wise and able leaders, South Africa has earned the respect and the admiration of all. Tireless in the search of understanding and vigorous in the pursuit of peace, you have refused to let the difference defeat you. You, Mr. President, have worked long and suffered greatly to see this day. The firmness of your resolve to build a new, non-racial society in South Africa is not in doubt. Your resolve will be needed, your political will will be tested. But I am confident that through your courage and determination, you and South Africa will prevail.
Deputy President de Klerk, your vision and courage have contributed to this great day. You have won the lasting respect of all who yearn for justice.
I call on all nations and on the institutions and the programmes and the agencies of the international community to support the new democracy in South Africa. I appeal to all South Africans to support the principle of tolerance and reconciliation, principles that provide the ony sure foundation for peace, security and progress. The people of South Africa have spoken. You assume office, Mr. President, with a historic mandate and supported by great goodwill.
We welcone you with happiness, we embrace you with pride. On behalf of the United Nations and the agencies and programmes of the United Nations, I pledge our continued support for the achievement of dignity, equal rights and social progress for all the people of this great country.
Letter dated 18 May 1994 from President Nelson Mandela of South Africa to the President of the Security Council.
S/1994/606, 23 May 1994
Thank you very much for your letter dated 10 May 1994 in which you conveyed the Security Council's congratulations on the conclusion of the first democratic and multi-party elections in South Africa, as well as on my election to the office of President of the Republic of South Africa.
On behalf of all the people of South Africa and myself, I wish to assure the Security Council, and you in particular, of our appreciation and gratitude for your unstinting support and encouragement.
The successful conclusion of the electoral process and political change in South Africa have certainly brought an end to the need for international sanctions to be imposed on the country. In order to allow South Africa to resume its rightful place in the international community, I therefore wish to call upon the United Nations Security Council to consider revoking all the remaining sanctions still enforced against the country at the earliest possible occasion.
(Signed) N.R. Mandela
Statement by Mr. Thabo Mbeki, First Deputy Vice-President of South Africa, at the 3379th meeting of the Security Council.
S/PV.3379, 25 May 1994
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This eminent body is meeting today to close a particular chapter in the history of the relations between our country, South Africa, and the nations of the world, as represented by the United Nations.
We trust that, at the conclusion of its meeting today, the Security Council will terminate the mandatory sanctions imposed against South Africa under the terms of resolutions 418 (1977), 558 (1984) and 591 (1986).
We are most grateful to the Council for the opportunity it has kindly granted to our delegation to participate in its proceedings, and would like to take this opportunity to convey to you, Mr. President, and to the other members of the Council, the greetings of our President, Nelson Mandela, and the rest of the Government of democratic South Africa.
We are indeed moved by the fact that the Council is meeting on Africa Day to consider the specific matter on its agenda of lifting the arms embargo against South Africa.
When this embargo was imposed pursuant to the provisions of Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, it was because the prevailing system of government in our country and the actions carried out by that Government constituted, demonstrably, a threat to international peace and security.
We therefore view the decisions that the Council will take today as an acceptance by the world body that we have become a democratic country, and a country that can be counted on to subscribe and adhere to the pursuit of the important goals of international peace and security. Like millions of other people across the globe, we count on this body to continue to act as the principal protagonist in the global struggle for peace, security and stability.
We firmly commit our country, as a Member of the United Nations and as a responsible citizen of the world, to live up to its obligations in this regard and, consequently, to contribute what is can to the making of the peaceful world which is the right of the peoples. Our Government and people are determined to ensure that within our borders we banish from our national life all those things that make for war and violent conflict.
The successful transition to a democratic order constitutes the firm foundation for peace which our people have yearned for, for generations. It constitutes also the basis from which we will move in the search for a negotiated, just and stable regional security system for all the peoples of southern Africa, which would guarantee the sovereignty of all the countries of our region and ensure that never again should any country fall victim to aggression and destabilization.
Our Government has also begun discussions to see what further contribution we can make to the search for peace in Angola and Mozambique, in support of the efforts of the United Nations and the Governments and peoples of those two countries. We are also committed to participating to the full extent of our abilities in the efforts spearheaded by the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to address the related issues of peace, security, stability, cooperation and development on our continent.
We are accordingly ready to begin discussions with the OAU, the United Nations and all concerned with regard to what can and should be done concerning the tragic situation in Rwanda.
And as we have said, we are otherwise determined to discharge our responsibilities as a Member of the Organization in the collective effort to secure peace for ourselves and for the peoples of the world. We must, in this context, mention the fact that serious steps have already been taken to address the matter of proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and the regulation of the sale of conventional weapons. Among other things, this has been marked by accession to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, the Chemical Weapons Convention and the Biological Weapons Convention, as well as the passage of domestic legislation relating to these matters.
Our Government is determined to ensure that we do indeed honour all the obligations which derive form these international agreements, including such agreements as may regulate the movement of equipment and technology which can be used in the production of missiles capable of delivering weapons of mass destruction. South Africa is also in the process of converting its military technology to civilian application. We would greatly appreciate the assistance of the international community with regard to this matter. Our Government is also keen that a treaty for an African nuclear-weapons-free zone be concluded as soon as possible.
We would also like to take this opportunity to extend our sincere thanks to the Security Council, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations, His Excellency Mr. Boutros Boutros-Ghali and the United Nations as a whole for the outstanding contribution this Organization has made in bringing South Africa to the happy situation in which it is today. This, of course, has included the dispatch of observers to help us deal with the matter of political violence and the observers, who played such an important role in ensuring a successful first democratic and non-racial election.
The victory that has been won in South Africa belongs as much to the people of our country as to this Organization and the peoples of the world. As we proceed to confront the enormous challenge of consolidating this victory, we shall continue to count on your support. Precisely because we are conscious of what the world has done for us, we too are determined to contribute what we can to the making of a better world for all.
We are especially pleased that today we meet under your (Mr. Kingibe of Nigeria) presidency, Sir, end apartheid's crime against humanity and to give birth to a society that is determined to live up to the ideals contained in the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Please count on us to behave as a exemplary Member of this Organization, in which the hopes of millions reside.
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Security Council resolution: The question of South Africa.
S/RES/919 (1994), 25 May 1994
The Security Council,
Recalling its resolutions on the question of South Africa, in particular resolutions 282 (1970) of 23 July 1970, 418 (1977) of 4 November 1977, 421 (1977) of 9 December 1977, 558 (1984) of 13 December 1984 and 591 (1986) of 28 November 1986,
Welcoming the first all-race multiparty election and the establishment of a united, democratic, non-racial Government of South Africa, which was inaugurated on 10 May 1994,
Taking note of the letter of 18 May 1994 from President Nelson R. Mandela of the Republic of South Africa,
Stressing the urgent need to facilitate the process of reintegration of South Africa in the international community, including the United Nations system,
1. Decides, acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations, to terminate forthwith the mandatory arms embargo and other restrictions related to South Africa imposed by resolution 418 (1977);
2. Decides also to end forthwith all other measures against South Africa contained in resolutions of the Security Council, in particular those referred to in resolutions 282 (1970), 558 (1984) and 591 (1986);
3. Decides further to dissolve the Committee of the Security Council established by resolution 421 (1977) concerning the question of South Africa, in accordance with rule 28 of the provisional rules of procedure of the Security Council, effective from the date of the adoption of the present resolution;
4. Invites all States to consider reflecting the provisions of this resolution, as appropriate, in their legislation.
Report of the Committee of trustees of the United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa.
A/48/523/Add.1, 13 June 1994
1. The United Nations Trust Fund for South Africa was established in 1965 as a programme of legal, educational and relief assistance to political prisoners and their families and to refugees and other victims of apartheid. It was conceived as a humanitarian component of the United Nations commitment to the peaceful elimination of apartheid.
2. Its original mandate was expanded by the General Assembly in its resolution 46/79 F of 13 December 1991 to include, inter alia, assistance to facilitate the reintegration of political prisoners and returning exiles into South African society, as well as legal assistance aimed at redressing continuing adverse effects of apartheid laws.
3. In December 1993, the General Assembly, by its resolution 48/159 D of 20 December 1993, expressed its conviction that the Trust Fund had an important role to play during the final stage of the elimination of apartheid by assisting efforts in the legal field aimed at ensuring effective implementation of legislation repealing major apartheid laws and encouraging increased public confidence in the rule of law.
4. Since it was established in 1965, the Trust Fund has spent US$ 50 million on programmes of humanitarian, legal and educational assistance within the purview of its mandate. Thousands of victims of apartheid owe their very survival and hopes for the future to the activities of the Trust Fund.
5. In the execution of its mandate, the Committee made grants to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and to voluntary agencies, principally located outside South Africa, whose dedication and commitment has remained exemplary throughout the years: the International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa, Amnesty International, the World Council of Churches, the Freedom from Fear International Charitable Foundation, Christian Action (Southern Africa Education Fund), the Lawyers Committee for Civil Rights under Law, the Executive Council of the Episcopal Church, the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, the International University Exchange Fund, the National Council of Churches of Christ, the South African Council of Churches, the National Council of Churches and the Catholic Institute of International Relations.
6. Over the past three years, in the light of positive developments in South Africa and the expanded mandate from the General Assembly, the Committee has provided assistance directly to South African voluntary agencies involved particularly in constitutional and human rights litigation, land and housing issues and legal representation for disadvantaged communities, children's rights, gender discrimination, needs of marginalized youths and environmental issues. These agencies, which are all based in South Africa and whose professionalism, impartiality and dedication have been widely recognized are the South African Legal Defence Fund, the Association of Ex-Political Prisoners, the Legal Resources Centre, the National Association of Democratic Lawyers and the Black Lawyers Association.
7. Through these agencies, the Trust Fund also contributed to the training and deployment of paralegals to assist disadvantaged communities and promote a culture of human rights in South Africa.
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11. The first universal-suffrage elections in South africa were held from 26 to 29 April 1994 and were declared free and fair by the Independent Electoral Commission and international observers.
12. On 9 May, the new Parliament unanimously elected Mr. Nelson Mandela as the State President of the Republic of South Africa. His inauguration took place at Pretoria the following day.
13. Under these extraordinary circumstances, which ushered in a new, non-racial constitutional order in South Africa, the Committee of Trustees decided at a meeting on 31 May 1994 to recommend to a resumed meeting of the General Assembly at its forty-eighth session that the Committee had fulfilled its mandate. It further decided to recommend that the balance in the Trust Fund be transferred to the United Nations Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa for use in its educational and training projects in South Africa. The Committee also noted with satisfaction that arrangements were being made with the Comptroller's office to ensure accountability for the last grants made by the Committee of Trustees at its meeting on 13 April 1994.
14. Taking into account the need to address the legacies of apartheid, the Committee decided further to call on members of the international community to provide financial and material support to the reconstruction and development efforts of the new South African Government and to continue to assist civic society in South Africa.
15. The Committee of Trustees would like to express its gratitude to the donor countries without whose steadfast and generous contributions its work could not have been accomplished, to the voluntary agencies for their professionalism and dedication beyond the call of duty, to the host countries of refugees, and to the countless men and women throughout the world and in South Africa who, sometimes at great risk to themselves, ensured that legal, educational and relief assistance to thousands of opponents and victims of apartheid could be effectively rendered.
16. The Committee wishes finally to record its deep thanks to the Secretary-General for his encouragement and untiring support to the Committee's work for nearly three decades.
Report of the Special Committee against Apartheid.
A/48/22/Add.1 - S/26714/Add.1, 14 June 1994
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Goldstone Commission report on involvement of security forces in political violence
78. At a joint press conference held on 18 March with President de Klerk, Justice Richard Goldstone released a 100-page report entitled "The Interim Report on Criminal Political Violence by Elements within the South African Police (SAP), the KwaZulu Police and the Inkatha Freedom Party". The report disclosed the involvement of senior South African Police officers, senior IFP officials and senior officials of the KwaZulu police in a conspiracy aimed at destabilizing South Africa's first democratic elections. The 20 officials named included Lt. Gen. Basie Smit, Deputy Commissioner of Police; Major Gen. Krappies Engelbrecht, head of Counter-Intelligence, the Chief of the Division of Crime Prevention and Investigation, Lt. Gen. Johan Le Roux and Mr. Themba Khoza, IFP leader of the Transvaal.
79. The report substantiated allegations of the involvement of members of the South African Police in the activities of a so-called "Third Force", which have included perpetrating and financing assassinations of political opponents (in particular, members of ANC) and organizing and training IFP "hit squads" to attack commuters and township residents. According to evidence given to the Commission, senior officials who had access to a large secret slush fund supplied IFP from 1989 until "the very recent past" with large quantities of arms both domestically manufactured and brought in from Namibia and Mozambique that were channelled to IFP for use against ANC. Furthermore, the report disclosed evidence of widespread financial corruption and attempted blackmail by senior police officers in an attempt to stop the inquiry by the Goldstone Commission.(1)
80. President de Klerk suspended the officers named from active duty, denied that the Government of South Africa had prior knowledge of the activities and stated that an international task force would be invited to investigate the charges further. ANC also called for an international investigation. IFP termed the report "a dirty trick" to discredit its leadership.(2)
81. In a statement dated 16 March, the Human Rights Commission of South Africa stated that by mid-April 1994, 4,500 IFP members would have received military training at the Mlaba Camp in Natal and that the KwaZulu Legislative Assembly had provided funding for the camp.(3)
On 26 April, Security Forces raided the camp and seized weapons and arrested persons at the camp suspected to be members of "hit squads".(4)
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174. The second mission (of the Special Committee), also led by the Committee's Chairman, Professor Ibrahim A. Gambari (Nigeria), took place between 6 and 10 June 1994. The other members of the mission to South Africa were: Dr. Jayaraj Acharya (Nepal), Vice-Chairman of the Special Committee; Mr. Simbarashe Mumbengegwi (Zimbabwe); Dr. Fernando Guillen (Peru); Mr. Suresh Goel (India), Rapporteur; Mr. Abdullahi Gwary (Nigeria) and Mr. Amer Araim, Secretary of the Special Committee.
175. The Chairman of the Special Committee set the objectives of the mission by emphasizing at various meetings that this was a fact-finding mission in order to enable the Special Committee to incorporate its assessment of the situation in South Africa in its final report to the General Assembly. The Chairman congratulated the people of South Africa on the success of the elections, which were recognized as free and fair. The elections demonstrated the courage and determination of the people of South Africa to bring about the end of apartheid by establishing a democratic and non-racial society. The Chairman stated that the United Nations had responded to the changes that took place in South Africa by lifting all restrictions against South Africa. Furthermore, the Special Committee was looking forward to South Africa resuming its seat in the General Assembly and its active participation in all the activities of the United Nations system. The Chairman also highlighted the importance of a coordinated manner in which the United Nations should continue to remain engaged in South Africa and the reconstruction and development of the country in the post apartheid era. He emphasized the continuing role of the international community in enabling South Africa to overcome the legacy of apartheid.
176. In the course of the mission to South Africa, members of the delegation held discussions with the leaders of four political parties in the country (ANC, NP, IFP and PAC); the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the National Assembly and several members of the new Parliament; church leaders; the Chairman of IEC; Officials of the National Olympic Committee of South Africa (NOCSA); the editor of a leading South African newspaper, The Sowetan, as well as some other senior media representatives; the ambassadors and diplomats of the United States and several other Western countries resident in South Africa; the Ministers of Public Enterprises, Safety and Security, Constitutional and Provincial Affairs, Home Affairs and also a number of Deputy Ministers including, in particular, the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Deputy Presidents T. Mbeki and F. W. de Klerk. The highlight of the mission, however, was the audience with President Mandela.
177. The Chairman and other members of the mission were received in audience by President Mandela on Tuesday, 7 June 1994. President Mandela praised the work of the Special Committee which had made tremendous contribution to the elimination of apartheid. He also stated that the mission by the Special Committee symbolized the changes that had already happened in South Africa. President Mandela stressed that there now existed a great deal of good will amongst the political parties of South Africa and its people. The elections, as well as the subsequent actions, including the establishment of the Government of National Unity, had brought about a new spirit of cooperation. He also stated that South Africa needed the support of the international community, especially for the Government's socio-economic programmes contained in the Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP).
178. The Chairman of the Special Committee assured President Mandela that the final report of the Special Committee would include recommendations on the future role of the United Nations in South Africa, and he wished to know the views of the Government and people of the country on what such a role should be. The members of the mission would also continue to work on assistance for South Africa as representatives of their respective countries in the United Nations both at the bilateral level, and through different United Nations programmes. He also emphasized that the members of the Special Committee had a deep-rooted commitment to the end of apartheid and its consequences in South Africa and that their interest in South Africa would continue even after the termination of the Special Committee's mandate.
179. At various meetings of the mission, there was a unanimous expression of appreciation and praise for the role played by the United Nations, the Secretary-General and United Nations Observer Mission in South Africa as well as the Special Committee. There was a general recognition that the changes that had taken place in South Africa were achieved through the determination of the people of South Africa to eliminate apartheid. The United Nations efforts, through both pressure and persuasion and assistance to the opponents of apartheid, had contributed to the process in a significant manner. It was also recognized that the changes in South Africa would benefit all the sectors of the society and that the contributions of all ethnic and cultural groups would strengthen the unity of the people.
180. The leaders of South Africa expressed the hope that their country would soon resume its place in the General Assembly and begin to participate actively in the work of the United Nations. They also hoped that the question of arrears would be considered in a favourable manner, keeping in mind related circumstances. South Africa is also looking forward to playing an active role in OAU, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth and other organizations.
181. The question of development assistance was emphasized throughout the visit, particularly in respect of education and training for South African youth who are unemployed. The phenomenon of unemployment among the black majority is a matter of great concern to the political leadership of South Africa. With the establishment of the new Government in South Africa, there is a considerable keenness in the country to attract foreign investment. The Government is planning various policy initiatives and strategies to encourage foreign enterprises to participate in the South African economy. Such participation and investment would contribute substantially to the growth and development of the country. It was stated that the long-term goal of the Government would be to make the enterprises internationally competitive.
182. South Africa is also looking forward to the establishment of regional mechanisms in southern Africa which would not only promote the regional trade and economic development but also contribute to peace and security in the region. South Africa, with its existing infrastructure and resources, could play an important role in such a regional mechanism.
183. The mission had extensive discussions on the election process in South Africa. It was explained that notwithstanding the administrative difficulties faced in the conduct of the elections, including the late decision by IFP to participate in the elections, the results were generally representative of the public opinion. IEC made every effort to deal with the problems. The cooperation extended by SADF to IEC in the redistribution of voting materials, contributed significantly to re-establishing the former's credibility. As an indicator of the success of voter education, it was said that only 1 per cent of the total vote was invalid. Subsequent analysis by IEC concluded that in a 68 per cent sample of the vote, there was only a 2 per cent margin of error.
184. The presence of international observers had a salutary effect in promoting a peaceful atmosphere during the elections. IEC recognizes the importance of the international support of the election process particularly that of UNOMSA and other observer groups. This support not only enhanced the credibility of the elections, but also helped in the very conduct of the elections.
185. The mission is satisfied that the democratization process in South Africa, the Constitutional Principles, the Interim Constitution as well the political will of the South African leadership will enable the people and the Government of South Africa to achieve their objective of building a new, democratic and non-racial society.
186. After the elections, the new Parliament and the Government of National Unity face an intensive agenda. The immediate task for the Government of National Unity is to establish priorities for economic development which would most likely draw heavily upon the Reconstruction and Development Programme of ANC. The budget to be shortly presented by the Government would clearly indicate these priorities. It was, however, emphasized by many prominent personalities, including those from the media, church and business groups, that the Government would need to give definite indication of some progress in the areas of socio-economic development in the immediate time-frame. It was suggested by a business group and others that an active support of the business in South Africa towards those goals would generate substantial confidence of the people in the Government. The leaders also stressed that notwithstanding the availability of resources for such programmes, financial assistance from the international community would not only be desirable but also essential. It was also felt that "the end of apartheid dividend" might to a considerable extent be offset by the cost of dismantling several structures and administrative anomalies created by apartheid, in particular those relating to the homelands.
187. The Parliament, composed of the National Assembly and the Senate, has the task ahead of legislative action to give shape to the programmes of various ministries of the Government, including in particular, the need for affirmative action to redress the socio-economic inequities in South Africa. In its capacity as the constituent Assembly, the Interim Parliament will have the task of addressing the pending issues of federalism provincial powers, minority rights in the field of education and culture, and the volkstaat. The process of constitutional review in the Constituent Assembly will be based on the Constitutional Principles as annexed to the Interim Constitution. It is expected that the final Constitution will be adopted within the two-year period as envisaged earlier, but the present Government will continue to function for a period of five years to promote national stability.
188. The mission believes that the role of the international community, in general, and the United Nations, in particular, in helping the people and the Government of South Africa to overcome the legacies of apartheid cannot be underestimated or overlooked. And to this end, an informal group of friends of South Africa in the General Assembly may be established to provide necessary support.
189. There are a number of issues of concern that require the continuing support of the international community. The mission believes that South Africa should be allowed to resume its seat in the General Assembly without further delay. South Africa has already been readmitted to a number of specialized agencies and other international organizations. The democratization process should be encouraged. Development assistance at the bilateral and multilateral levels to South Africa should be a priority item on the agenda of the States which are able to do so as well as
international organizations. The United Nations should continue to be the catalyst for support and development assistance to South Africa. The mission would therefore recommend that, in consultation with the Government of South Africa, a high-level coordinator be appointed for all United Nations development activities in South Africa for the next five years, that is, to coincide with the tenure of the Government of National Unity.
190. The mission was impressed with the determination of the South African leadership to cooperate at the bilateral, regional and multilateral levels to achieve those goals.
191. The mission is thankful for the cooperation it received from the Government of South Africa, the political parties, religious, business and other segments of the South African society, as well as for the recognition of the role of the United Nations and the Special Committee in the successful achievement by the people of South Africa in establishing a democratic, non-racial and United South Africa.
VI. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
197. With the entry into force, on 27 April 1994, of South Africa's first non-racial and democratic Constitution, and the holding of the first non-racial elections from 26 to 29 April 1994, apartheid came to an end.
198. This is, first of all, a victory for all South Africans of all races, and the success of their political leaders who have manifested an extraordinary degree of courage, wisdom and resilience in negotiating broad-based agreements for bringing apartheid to a peaceful end and for laying the foundations for a new, non-racial and democratic South Africa with equal and guaranteed rights for each and all.
199. The United Nations, the Special Committee and the international community at large can take just pride in the contribution they have made over several decades, to the efforts leading to the elimination of apartheid, and the support they have given to all those South Africans who have courageously struggled against apartheid and suffered from it.
200. Also in this respect, the international community can take pride in the positive contributions made to the political process of negotiations and the electoral process itself by the presence and activities of the observer missions in South Africa of the United Nations, the Commonwealth, the European Union and OAU. The efforts of the Secretary-General of the United Nations, including his active support to the process through, inter alia, frequent contacts with the parties and his rapid actions to put into effect the mandates given to him by the Security Council and the General Assembly, deserves the appreciation of the international community.
201. The South African elections were held under markedly difficult circumstances, largely owing to the very short time available to IEC to make the necessary arrangements. While not flawless, however, South Africa's first non-racial and democratic elections were sufficiently free and fair. It was the observation of the heads of the international observer missions in South Africa, including that of the United Nations, that the people of South Africa had expressed their determination to create a peaceful, non-racial and democratic South Africa.
202. The parties to the political multi-party process leading to the end of apartheid and a new non-racial South Africa have, in their dedication to pursue a peaceful settlement, developed habits and skills, and devised unique mechanisms for finding broadly agreed solutions, which hold out a promise for continued reconciliation and inclusiveness in the process of economic and social recovery and reconstruction that will now begin in South Africa.
203. As South Africa returns to the family of nations, we look forward to its contribution to the purposes of the United Nations.
204. The socio-economic disparities caused by apartheid need to be urgently addressed to ensure the stable and peaceful development of post-apartheid South Africa and, in this respect, assistance from the international community will be vital.
205. The system of apartheid having been brought to an end, the Special Committee against Apartheid established by the General Assembly on 6 November 1962 (resolution 1761 [XVII]) has fulfilled its mandate in accordance with the provisions of relevant General Assembly resolutions, in particular, resolutions 2671 (XXV) of 8 December 1970 and resolution S-16/1 of 14 December 1989, containing the Declaration on Apartheid and its Destructive Consequences in Southern Africa and has successfully concluded its work.
1. Commission of Inquiry regarding the Prevention of Public Violence and Intimidation: "Interim Report on Criminal Violence by elements within the South African Police, the KwaZulu Police and the Inkatha Freedom Party".
2. The New York Times, 21 March 1994; Financial Times (London), 19 and 20 March 1994.
3. Human Rights Commission of South Africa: Press statement on unofficial military training camps, 16 March 1994.